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SQLFluff has a few components:
The core vision for SQLFluff is to be really good at being the linter. The reasoning for this is outlined in Why Sqlfluff.
NOTE
Credit to this article for highlighting the importance of a good vision.
Most of the codebase for SQLFluff is the parser, mostly because at the point of developing SQLFluff, there didn't appear to be a good option for a whitespace-aware parser that could be used instead.
With regards to the rules, SQLFluff aims to be opinionated but it also accepts that many organisations and groups have pre-existing strong conventions around how to write SQL and so ultimately SQLFluff should be flexible enough to support whichever rule set a user wishes to.